It is important to acknowledge that the works have limited scope as we embark on understanding the crucial differences. Many questions have remained unanswered in terms of why there is such a difference. The two subsequent works following Desai have probably intended to focus on “what” are the differences rather than “why”. In the case of Desai, the issue seems to have been taken up more broadly instead of reflecting on its complex character. For example, much less attention has been paid to the incentives that FDIs found in China as compared to India.

The 1980s was a decade where Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi shifted the Indian economy to function on the economic principles of the Asian Tigers, which are based on the pro-business model, affecting investment, productivity and privatization. In the pre-1980 Indira Gandhi’s anti-poverty policies were strenuous to practically implement in India.